Erudite Relics of Loc Huu Ho

Definitions

• ad infinitum: for ever, without limit, to infinity
• Calcutta: Largest city in India, located in the eastern part of the country on the Hooghly River.
• phenomenalism: the view that physical objects do not exist as things in themselves but only as perceptual phenomena or sensory stimuli (e.g. redness, hardness, softness, sweetness, etc.) situated in time and in space

Notes

• According to this phenomenalism theory, anticipated by Hume and George Berkeley, a physical thing is a kind of construction out of our experiences.
• According to the phenomenalist, to have a visual experience of a real physical thing is to have an experience of a real physical thing is to have an experience which belongs to a certain kind of group of experiences. This kind of set of experiences has a constancy and a rich and complex coherence that is lacking in the set of expereinces of which halluncinations are a part.
• The phenomenalist affirms also that all we can possibly mean in speaking of these things is confined to our experiences.
• Hume’s criterion states that every idea-and thus the idea of an “external” thing-is ultimately derived from sense impressions alone.
• The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become evident that statements about physical things could not be translated into propositions about actual and possible sense data.

Definitions

• empiricism: the doctrine that says sense experience is the only source of knowledge
• epistemological: the science which deals with the origin, method and validity of knowledge
• experimental inference: a.k.a. induction by simple enumeration is the process of esitmating what can truly be ascribed to a whole class of things or events on the basis of what has been observed to be true of part of that class
• instrumentalism: the doctrine that ideas are instruments of response and adaptation, and that their truth is to be judged in terms of their effectiveness
• operationalism: the process of defining a concept as the operations that will measure the concept (variables) through specific observations
• posteriori: inductive; relating to or derived by reasoning from observed facts
• priori: deductive; relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions
• solipsism: the belief that the only thing a person can be absolutely sure of is that he or she exists. All other persons or objects do not exist independently and are merely projections of one’s mind. The solipsist, therefore, views his or her mind as the only thing that exists in reality. All other persons and objects are reflections of his or her consciousness.
  
• succinctly: with concise and precise brevity; to the point
• tenet: an opinion, belief, or principle held to be true by someone or especially an organization

Notes

• Empiricism means the employment of methods based on practical experience rather than on theories or assumed principles.
• The “science of man” (a study of the nature of man’s ideas and of the principle of his reasoning processes) must be founded on experience and observation for us to understand the true nature and scope of ordinary and scientific knowledge.
• Observations and experience teaches us that all thoughts are derived from past experience.
• Hume’s “impressions” are what we call sensations and feelings that are forceful and lively perceptions.
• Hume’s “ideas” are what we call thoughts that are nothing but the faint copies of impressions.
• Ideas are divided up into the simple and the complex; all complex ideas are constructions out of simple ideas, and simple ideas are copies of impressions.
• All the objects of human reason or inquiry may be divided into two kinds: relations of ideas and matters of fact.
• Examples of relations of ideas are the sciences of geometry, algebra, and arithmetic, logic, and every affirmation which is either intuitively or demonstratively certain. Propositions of this kind are discoverable by the mere operation of thought, without dependence on what is anywhere existent in the universe…(is analytic and based on the principle of noncontradiction)
• Matters of fact-e.g. physics, chemistry, everyday factual knowledg-is a posteriori, which are the second objects of human reason, are not ascertained in the same manner, nor is our evidence of their truth, however great, of a like nature with the foregoing. All reasonings concerning matter of fact seem to be founded on the relation of cause and effect.
• Hume is maintaining that all knowledge about the world is a posteriori, where a posteriori statment is one which can be confirmed or disconfirmed only by experience and observation.
• In Hume’s view, any truth discoverable by thought alone is never about the world but only about internal relations between our ideas.
• According to Hume, these are the principles of human knowledge. They set our knowledge on a firm foundation, and their application enables us to purge science and philosophy of empty metaphysical speculation.
• When Hume applied what he took to be Newton’s methods in natural science to the “science of man,” he was led, paradoxically, to the conclusion that induction, or scientific method, cannot be rationally justified. Hume was led to this conclusion when he noted that empirical generalization is founded on the principle of cause and effect and that the principle of cause and effect cannot itself be justified rationally.
• E.g. to claim that a certain virus is the cause of smallpox is to claim an invariant sequence of symptoms-preceded-by-virus.
• There are two types of legitimate inference: a priori demonstration (deduction) and a posteriori experimental inference. The inference from observed past instances to unobserved future instances clearly is not demonstrable. And to say tht this inference is experiemental is to beg the question, “for all inferences from experience suppose, as their foundation, that the future will resemble the past.” That is, because scientific method presupposes that the course of nature will not change, it can hardly be invoked to prove it. So Hume concludes that experimental inference, which is scientific method, is not rationally justifiable.
• All you can conceivably know is that there are sensations here and now and maybe that there were sensations in teh past as well.